Amine Functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots as a Smart Nano Antibacterial Agent
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Conventional antibiotics are resisted by bacteria at an increasing rate, prompting studies into the development of alternate antibiotic agents. This work demonstrates the fabrication and characterization of amine functionalized graphene quantum dots (af-GQDs) with starting materials of graphene oxide, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide by chemical oxidation and hydrothermal methods. The synthesized af-GQDs were characterized using analytical techniques such as UV-vis, fluorescence, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and morphological studies through TEM. TEM images showed that af-GQDs have smooth surface morphology with porous in nature and are spherical in shape with particle size less than 20 nm. The prepared af-GQDs show a quantum yield of 26.32%. A growth inhibition test was performed on E. coli and S. aureus for the prepared af-GQDs at different increasing concentrations. The minimum inhibitory concentration for the prepared af-GQDs on E. coli was found to be 55 μg/mL and for S. aureus was found to be 35 μg/mL. Percentage cell viability studies were performed on HeLa and Jukart cells for 24 hours at different concentrations. Both cells showed maximum cell viability percentage at the initial concentration. At higher concentrations, the cell viability is decreased for both cells but the Jukart cells show a minimum percentage of cell viability at higher concentrations than the HeLa cells.
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2024 Bagyalakshmi J, et al.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Kadian S, Manik G, Das N, Nehra P, Chauhan RP, Roy P. Synthesis, characterization and investigation of synergistic antibacterial activity and cell viability of silver-sulphur doped graphene quantum dots (Ag@S-GQDs) nanocomposite. J Mater Chem B. 2020;8:3028-3037. Available from: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2020/tb/c9tb02823d
Nichols F, Chen S. Graphene oxide quantum dot-based functional nanomaterials for effective antimicrobial applications. Chem Rec. 2020;20:1505-1515. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.202000090
Rajendiran K, Zhao Z, Pei DS, Fu A. Antimicrobial activity and mechanism of functionalized quantum dots. Polymers. 2019;11(10):1670. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101670
Wong KK. Synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots and its antibacterial property. Pal Yue-Kong Library: 2018;59. Available from: https://theses.lib.polyu.edu.hk/handle/200/9414
Cheng L, Huang S, Wang X. Surface modification of graphene quantum dots and their biocompatibility in biomedical applications. Carbon. 2018;138:88-98..
Habiba K, Bracho-Rincon DP, Gonzalez-Feliciano JA, Villalobos-Santos JC, Makarov VI, Ortiz D, et al. Synergistic antibacterial activity of PEGylated silver-graphene quantum dot nanocomposites. Appl Mater Today. 2015;80-87. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2015.10.001
Yang J, Zhang X, Ma YH, Gao G, Chen X, Jia HR, et al. Carbon dot-based platform for simultaneous bacterial distinguishment and antibacterial applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016;8(47):32170-32181. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b10398
Chen S, Quan Y, Yu YL, Wang JH. Graphene quantum dot/silver nanoparticle hybrids with oxidase activities for antibacterial application. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2017;3(3):313-321. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00644
Chhabra VA, Kaur R, Kumar N, Deep A, Rajesh C, Kim KH. Synthesis and spectroscopic studies of functionalized graphene quantum dots with diverse fluorescence characteristics. RSC Adv. 2018;8:11446-11454. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA01148F
Wang Z, Xia J, Zhou C, Via B, Xia Y, Zhang F, et al. Synthesis of strongly green-photoluminescent graphene quantum dots for drug carrier. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2013;112:192-196. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.07.025
Iannazzo D, Pistone A, Ferro S, De Luca L, Monforte AM, Romeo R, Buemi MR, Pannecouque C, et al. Graphene quantum dots-based systems as HIV inhibitors. Bioconjug Chem. 2018;29(9):3084-3093. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00448
Zhao M. Direct synthesis of graphene quantum dots with different fluorescence properties by oxidation of graphene oxide using nitric acid. Appl Sci. 2018;8(8):1303. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/app8081303
Tuerhong M, Yang X, Yin X-B. Review on carbon dots and their applications. Chin J Anal Chem. 2017;45(1):139-150. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.11895/j.issn.0253-3820.160295
Arias LR, Yang LJ. Inactivation of bacterial pathogens by carbon nanotubes in suspensions. Langmuir. 2009;25(5):3003-3012. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021/la802769m
Liang J, Li W, Chen J, Huang X, Liu Y, Zhang X, et al. Antibacterial activity and synergetic mechanism of carbon dots against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2021;4(9):6937-6945. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.1c00618
Gao W, Thamphiwatana S, Angsantikul P, Zhang L. Nanoparticle approaches against bacterial infections. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2014;6(6):532-547. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1282
Zhu Z, Bai Q, Li S, Li S, Liu M, Du F, et al. Antibacterial activity of graphene and graphene oxide. Small. 2020;16:2001440. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202001440
Meziani MJ, Dong X, Zhu L, Jones LP, LeCroy GE, Yang F, et al. Visible-light-activated bactericidal functions of carbon "quantum" dots. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016;8(17):10761-10766. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b01765
Sun B, Wu F, Zhang Q, Chu X, Wang Z, Huang X, et al. Insight into the effect of particle size distribution differences on the antibacterial activity of carbon dots. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2021;584:505-519. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.10.015
Xin Q, Shah H, Nawaz A, Xie W, Akram MZ, Batool A, et al. Antibacterial carbon-based nanomaterials. Adv Mater. 2019;31(45):e1804838. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201804838
Dong X, Liang W, Meziani MJ, Sun YP, Yang L. Carbon dots as potent antimicrobial agents. Theranostics. 2020;10(2):671-686. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.39863
Sun J, Yang S, Wang Z, Shen H, Xu T, Sun L, et al. Ultra-high quantum yield of graphene quantum dots: aromatic-nitrogen doping and photoluminescence mechanism. Particle & Particle Systems Characterization. 2015;32(4):434-430. Available from: http://www.seu-npc.com/publications/2015-Part.%20Part.%20Syst.%20Charact-Jing%20Sun.pdf
Allen T. Particle size measurement. Springer; 2013 Nov 21. Available from: https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Particle_size_measurement.html?id=7dsFCAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y
Clogston JD, Patri AK. Zeta potential measurement. In: Characterization of nanoparticles intended for drug delivery. 2011:63-70. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-198-1_6
Tang CY, Yang Z. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In: Membrane characterization. Elsevier; 2017:145-159. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63776-5.00008-5
Kuo WS, Shao YT, Huang KS, Chou TM, Yang CH. Antimicrobial amino-functionalized nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots for eliminating multidrug-resistant species in dual-modality photodynamic therapy and bioimaging under two-photon excitation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2018;10:14438-14446. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b01429